Prof. Pitchappan, a Senior Professor from the School of Biological Sciences in India played an important role in the discovery of first coastal migration of the early man from Africa to Australia through India, which had taken place 50,000 years ago and the second migration to Central Asia around 45,000 years ago.
The second wave of the early man's migration expanded in Central Asia leading to dispersal towards Europe, the Americas, South Asia and China.
His research confirmed the first coastal migration from Africa to Australia, through India. He came out with evidence by genetics that could not be obtained by archaeology. Even there were other researchers who came out with various findings along with genetic ones. Their studies showed that there were three waves of early humans from Africa that swept across India and Australia.
There were three major waves of migration of quite different ancient people who came to the Australian continent from Southeast Asia. More than 40,000 years ago, when sea levels were much lower and Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania comprised one landmass.
The first to arrive were a slightly-built people of pygmoid stature with dark skin and very frizzy hair.
They were Negritos and they provided the initial population for the whole of the Australian continent.
The frizzy-haired pygmoid Negritos or Barrineans still survive in Northeast Queensland, Australia and in the Andaman Islands.
About 20,000 years ago, a second type of people arrived from Asia. These newcomers, called Murrayians, were comparatively lightly skinned, wavy-haired, and stocky in build, with a lot of body hair. They drove the Negritos who came before them until the latter retreated to the highlands of New Guinea, the rainforests of North Queensland and to then ice-capped Tasmania. The Murrayians became the dominating population on the east coast of Australia and the open grasslands of the south and west of the continent. The Murrayians or Veddoids still survive mostly in Southern Australia and in Sri Lanka.
Then, about 15,000 years ago, a third wave of hunter-gatherers arrived. They were comparatively tall, straight-haired and dark skinned, with very little body hair. Named Carpentarians, they colonised northern and central Australia. The Carpentarians might be the proto-Dravidian who populated most of India and north and central Australia. This group ultimately came from Sudan in Africa.
The Tasmanians were mixed Murrayians and Barrineans.
The early man from Africa in different waves crossed to Australia through Asia and then to the Americas by crossing the Pacific Ocean. The first hint of an American aborigine settlement of South America came from cave paintings in Brazil. The paintings, which some archaeologists claim are older than the supposed date of arrival of the Siberian migrations to the area and the depict rituals never before seen in native American art. The ritual costumes shown in the paintings are claimed to be similar to those used by Australian aborigines today.
Anthropologists Walter Neves and Mark Hubbe studies confirm the oldest settlers of the Americas came from different genetic stock than more recent Native Americans. The Africans crossed the Atlantic and reached various parts of the Americas as well.
There were a number of Black tribes including Washitaw Naton, the Black Californian, the Yamassee of Georgia, the Caracole, Guanini, and Black Caribs of South America dwelling from South America to the Mississippi Valley, the Eastern United States, California and Florida, came to Americas before Columbus and mingled with the present South and North American population and passed the beneficial genetic traits.
Recent studies show the presence of partial White ancestry in some groups of Amerinds by the Pre -Colombian European migrations towards the Americas. The early European Cro-Magnon peoples probably crossed by sea into the Americas, as it is seen in the odd DNA relationship of some Amerindian tribes and North-Western Europeans.
What Spencer Wells, the geneticist from Oxford University said in the 'Journey of Man' in the National Geographic Channel could be well remembered: "All of us are literally Africans underneath the skin, Brothers and Sisters separated by mere 2000 generations"
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